# General Notes - recommend filing departure procedure (great for giving student opportunity to practice departure procedure even though it is not the most complex procedure) - when checking on with TRACON, make sure that you include your current altitude # KLEE RNAV 4 Circle 13 - descended below MDA on approach (airspeed down to 71 knots) - became confused with instructions (tower stated base your discretion and extended downwind in the circle) - think about how you are teaching through each thing in setting up the approach, there is a lot that goes into little things like selecting which IAF you are expecting when loading the approach, and you want to explain your reasoning - think about how you should change briefing your approach from a teaching perspective, briefing an approach is not teaching it - don't forget about heading bug on final for the approach - need to teach setting pitch and power crossing FAF, you're doing a lot more than "starting a descent", you need to talk about which pitch and which power setting you're going for - same thing applies to leveling off at MDA - non-precision should use 750 ft/min # KISM ILS 15 (I flew) - make sure that you are assertive when instructing student to go missed - avoid phrases like add power or change power, be specific with where we should be going # Hold @ CERMO - make sure that you teach through finding the entry show how you drew out the holding pattern - be very careful about turning the OBS knob before reaching the holding fix - good job going through 5 Ts - parallel entry should be 45 degree intercept when coming back to the inbound - used 9 degree outbound wind correction angle (wind was 1 knot) # 1/5/2026 ## KSGU LDA 19 - good job syncing heading bug # 11/13/2025 - instructed proceed direct WISHH, began to intercept course from KORL to WISHH - make sure when you setup your flight plan -> double check the active leg on the top of the PFD matches what you want to do, these types of mistakes can be very easy to make ## Hold @ WISHH (300 radial) - incorrectly selected teardrop entry ![[Pasted image 20251113091600.png]] # 11/12/2025 - intercepting and tracking - always check identifier for navaid (also notice identifier listed on HSI -> tuned to IORL instead of ORL) ## DME Arc (17 DME) - initially turned course 90 degrees offset, corrected before arc - utilize heading bug during arc so that you can teach being intentional with heading adjustments ## Hold - hold from arc - incorrect entry and turn direction ![[Pasted image 20251112090624.png]] ## X04 RNAV A - recommend not loading vectors to final (you can always activate that later) - autopilot coupled - approach good, circle good, but don't forget to add power leveling off at MDA # 11/11/2025 ## Circling Approaches - want to talk about the increased risk factors involved in circling approaches - include how circling approaches are identified in the title - include examples of non-standard circling maneuvers that you might have to do and how to brief those and prepare for them # 11/7/2025 - make sure to brief hotspots on the taxi - avoid brake usage during taxi # 11/6/2025 - [ ] review amplified checklist for startup procedures # 11/4/2025 - review [AIM 1-2-1: PBN and RNAV](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_2.html) - very important distinction that RNAV is not GPS, GPS is a type of RNAV ## RNAV - **Purpose:** It allows an aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids, or within the limits of self-contained systems. - **Think of it as:** _The capability_ to navigate directly between two points, not just from one VOR or NDB to another. - **Possible sources of position information:** - VOR/DME or DME/DME - INS or IRS (Inertial Reference Systems) - GPS (Global Positioning System) **GPS is just one way an RNAV system can determine its position** ## RNAV substitution - can be used to substitute any navaid but cannot be used to substitute lateral guidance on the final approach ## Circling Approaches - the maneuvering radius no longer includes expanded, it is all in one, make sure that you have the current terminal procedures supplemental - maneuvering radius extends from the runway threshold of each runway ## Unusual Attitudes - remember that you do not want to just push the flight controls around you always want to specifically target an illusion that they could suffer from # 10/30/2025 ## KLEE RNAV GPS 31 LPV - review required callouts for approach - did not use heading bug while course tracking - radio comms (compliance with ATC) unsatisfactory -> requires more practice - invalid nav source on final approach course -> need to verify hold removed - practice loading approaches into the G1000 - left flaps in during missed approach and level off (no climb or cruise checklist) ## KORL ILS 25 - [ ] review difference between loading and activating approach on the G1000 - should use MFD moving map for situational awareness (helpful to zoom out to visualizer procedure) # 10/29/2025 ## Loss of Communications (Two-way Radio Communications failure) - good note about recognizing an issue - [ ] review [[VFR Weather Minimums]] - [ ] review [AIM 6-4-1: Two Way Radio Communications Failure](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap6_section_4.html) # 10/28/2025 - continue to work on trim usage # 10/22/2025 ## Review of Instrument Flight Deck Check - [x] Communications equipment - [x] Navigation equipment - [x] Magnetic compass - [x] Heading indicator/horizontal situation indicator/remote magnetic indicator - [x] Attitude indicator - [x] Altimeter - [x] Turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator - [x] Vertical-speed indicator - [x] Airspeed indicator - [x] Outside air temperature - [x] Clock - [x] Pitot heat - [x] Electronic flight instrument display - [x] Traffic awareness/warning/avoidance system - [x] Terrain awareness/warning/alert system - [x] FMS - [x] Automatic pilot - make sure to include how to check and verify that coms are working - there is a reason for putting ground in one com and tower in another, it allows you to check both radios can TX and RX before ever taking off - magnetic compass -> remember that the PFD failing does not mean that the magnetometer would fail, review reversionary mode operation: - ![[Pasted image 20251022083903.png]] - remember that you will not have to sync the heading indicator on the G1000 as it is not a gyroscopic instrument - I would not state that the attitude indicator gives us situational awareness, you would want to be more specific about what it gives you - if the airspeed indicator is reading a value and you suspect from a headwind, you can always turn the airplane around to check if the reading goes down - ILS approach would not have an MDA, it would have a DA meaning that you would not need to time to tell you when you should go missed from the approach - add slide for FMS - finish slide for autopilot flight deck check # 10/21/2025 8:00 To 10:00 - flight instruments and navigation systems ground - ADF / NDB - satisfactory - DME - good job with slant range distance - good job with accuracy - ILS - [ ] review [Bold Method: ILS](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/ils-how-the-instrument-landing-system-works/) - localizer - good job with width at threshold - localizer would be 90 Hz on the left and 150 Hz on the right - glideslope - good job with width of glideslope - continue to review inoperative equipment for approach lighting - GPS - satisfactory - RAIM: satisfactory - WAAS: satisfactory - MFD - specifically, the POH would state that the MFD can only be used for advisory purposes - autopilot - for autopilot limitations you do not want to look in the FAR as this would be airplane specific - electrical system - [UND electrical system diagram (interactive)](https://mediafiles.aero.und.edu/aero.und.edu/aviation/trainers/c172s-electrical-system/) - plan to return to this item during next ground ## Landing from a Straight in Approach - review [FAR 91.175](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-91/section-91.175#p-91.175(c)) - specifically: "The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers, and for operations conducted under part 121 or part 135 unless that descent rate will allow touchdown to occur within the touchdown zone of the runway of intended landing;" ## Missed Approach - satisfactory ## Cockpit / Flight Deck Check - [ ] review what a flight deck check is - [ ] review [Flight Deck Check](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2018/06/12-steps-for-the-perfect-instrument-cockpit-check/) - [ ] review flight deck check for IFR from CFII PTS - ![[Pasted image 20251021085902.png]] # 10/14/2025 12:00 To 14:00 - plan was to fly but student not feeling well so switched to ground - discussed plans for finishing flight instruments and navigation equipment ## HSI - will require more review before reaching instructional level of knowledge on HSI - [ ] review scaling on the HSI: ![[Pasted image 20251014120430.png]] - [ ] review entire flight instruments section of G1000 pilot's guide so that you have a thorough understanding (approximately 34 pages) ## DME ([[Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)]]) - review slant range distance - review within what altitude / distance away the DME would be accurate ## GPS - review GPS / WAAS / RAIM and how they work: - [ ] review [FAA how does GPS work?](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/gps/howitworks) - [ ] review [FAA how does WAAS work?](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/waas/howitworks) - [ ] review [Video: RAIM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ESZcUCKieA) ## Icing - make sure to cover conditions required to have ice accumulation - remember that induction icing is still a concern in a fuel injected system - [ ] review [[Known Icing Conditions.pdf|Known Icing vs Known Icing Conditions FAA Legal Interpretation]] ## GFC 700 - [ ] review autopilot limitations from the POH - [ ] review GFC 700 system from G1000 pilots guide # 10/14/2025 6:00 To 8:00 ## Review of Holding Procedures (ground / Ground trainer) - review what should be included in holding clearance - need to practice with unpublished and published holds - need to use examples of holding instructions so that a student could practice what the entries could be - need to include that wind correction will change depending on the hold, this is especially important with the prevalence of GPS distance based holds (7nm / 4nm) - continue to practice with holding instructions (utilize ForeFlight scratchpad template) - this is something that can be quite challenging as an instructor (thinking about which hold you would like your student to do, including entry, while ensuring they are performing it properly and acting as ATC) ## Attitude Indicator / Vacuum System - need to work on explanation of pendulous vanes -> stated that it tells the airplane that its turning, continue to review video - add explanations discussing the G1000 attitude indicator ![[Pasted image 20251014193558.png]] - make sure to also include the required instrumentation that is needed to provide attitude information: ![[Pasted image 20251014193938.png]] - keep in mind we do not have an electric vacuum pump in the 172 we would only rely on the engine driven vacuum pump # 10/13/2025 ## Ground Session - continued to review tracking and intercepting, VOR procedures, VOR loading, DME arcs - practiced DME arc in ground trainer as well as intercepting and tracking -> huge improvement and within instrument ACS tolerances ## Flight - review amplified checklist procedures for proper engine priming - pull back on elevator during taxi turns - use taxi crosswind corrections - when instructed to taxi to an intersection (ex runway 7 @ A7) make sure that you always read back the intersection - high RPM during taxi, maintain 1,000 - climb checklist not completed (unsat) (also make sure to use cruise climb speed) - cruise checklist not completed (unsat) - good job intercepting and tracking - DME arc satisfactory - no descent / before landing checklist - no after landing checklist # 10/8/2025 - will require more deliberate practice with tracking / intercepting and VOR procedures - ground trainer session focusing on intercepting and tracking including utilization of omnidirectional bearing selector as proxy for VOR understanding - you can utilize POTS (Parallel Opposite, Teardrop Same) to remember which direction the hold entry should be completed in - reviewed loading airways / FMS management in G1000 - reviewed function of OBS and reasoning for utilization - reviewed importance of using approved navigational systems ## Hold @ MAMBO as Published - ![[Pasted image 20251008072952.png]] - make sure that you set intercept angle for parallel entry to make sure that you get back onto the inbound course before reaching holding fix - you can utilize 1:30 second entry timing for parallel which will give you extra time to get established inbound, particularly if you have winds moving you in the direction of the holding fix # 10/7/2025 ## 6:00 To 8:00 Flight ### Intercepting and Tracking on Radial - always set heading bug for correction - review and practice which course to set for tracking VOR radials ### DME Arc - unsatisfactory - turned heading 10 degrees from radial and flew that instead of turning perpendicular to the VOR # 10/6/2025 ## [[Pitot-static System]] - I would clarify that the pitot heat will still count as anti / de icing equipment even though the airplane is not certificated for flight into known icing conditions - including the types of altitudes is especially useful as there are a lot of instrument written questions that use these different altitudes - when discussing altimeter errors, include effects of temperature in explanation -> for the systems description you don't have to go in depth on those procedures (ex approaches) but it is good to include - VSI / Airspeed / Altimeter - include descriptions of how these instruments would work in relation to the analog instrumentation as well as which parts of the G1000 it would connect to - make sure to emphasize that malfunctions are a required report ![[IFR Required Malfunction Reports]] ## [[VHF Omnirange (VOR)]] - [ ] review [[VHF Omnirange (VOR)#Identifying VORs|Identifying VOR Service Volume from Chart]] - I would include specifically information about identifying the navaid service volumes showing how to identify the VOR / other service volumes - for example, a VORTAC will have two service volumes published, one for the VOR and one for the TACAN - include how you can listen into the morse code identifier on the G1000 - use VOR picture from G1000 as we don't have an analog VOR receiver -> each dot is going to be about 4 degrees - very important distinction -> the TO/FROM indication has nothing to do with the direction the airplane is pointed, it has to do with its relative position to the VOR - [ ] review [TO / FROM Confusion Article](https://upperlimitaviation.edu/vors-avoiding-confusion-with-the-to-from-flag/) > [!info] VOR Distance Off Course > ## VOR Distance Off Course > The 60-1 rule can be used to estimate distance off course when navigating using VORs: > $\frac{d}{60}*x=error$ > where > - $d$ is the distance from the station > - $x$ is the angular deviation from the desired course (degrees off course) > ### Example > 15nm away from the VOR, the pilot notices the CDI indicates 2° off course. > $\frac{15}{60}*2°=0.5$ > The aircraft is 0.5nm off course. - [ ] review [[VOR Inspection]] - [ ] make sure that you include in presentation how to actually find the VOR / VOT test facilities ## Magnetic Compass - good note about the fluid inside of it - good note about reading the magnetic compass ## Aeromedical Factors - I would add information for all of the scenarios that could lead to spatial disorientation - [ ] [Pilot Institute: Illusions](https://pilotinstitute.com/illusions-explained/) - if you bring up the pulse oximeter: make sure to include that it is not accurate for carbon monoxide poisoning --- # 9/29/2025 - [ ] [G1000 Pilots Guide](https://static.garmin.com/pumac/190-00498-08_0A_Web.pdf) ## Pitot Static System - overall good job - a good review of the altimeter: [Bold Method: Altimeter](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/how-does-an-aircraft-altimeter-work-in-flight/) ## Attitude Indicator - [ ] review [Video: Pendulous Vanes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MoS5Yw9ZgE) ## Magnetic Compass - UNOS and ANDS - [ ] [[Heading Indicator and Magnetic Compass]] - remember that these are not caused by magnetic variation, it has to due with the ## Navigation Equipment - [ ] review [[VHF Omnirange (VOR)]] - [ ] review [[Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)]] - [ ] review [Bold Method: ILS](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/ils-how-the-instrument-landing-system-works/) - GPS - [ ] review [FAA how does GPS work?](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/gps/howitworks) - [ ] review [FAA how does WAAS work?](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/waas/howitworks) - [ ] review [Video: RAIM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ESZcUCKieA) ## Weather Information - good job with atmospheric stability - [ ] review [[Known Icing Conditions.pdf]] - [ ] review [Tailplane stalls](https://www.pilotmall.com/blogs/news/tailplane-stall-the-aerodynamics-how-you-can-recover) - good job with weather displays (NEXRAD) ## Cross Country Flight Planning - [ ] review [[IFR Alternate Planning Flow Chart]] - [ ] review [Bold Method: IFR Alternate Planning](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/how-to-plan-an-ifr-alternate-airport-jeppesen/) - you can plan GPS approach at destination and alternate when you have WAAS ## Flying - [ ] review [Bold Method: DME Arc livestream](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWoaDNbezQA) - [ ] review [Bold Method: Holding procedures article](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/maneuvers/what-you-should-know-about-holding-for-ifr-pilots/) - [ ] review [Bold Method: Holding pattern entries](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/04/holding-pattern-entries/) - [ ] review [Bold Method: Holding pattern wind correction](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/05/holding-pattern-wind-correction/)