# 8/16/2024 - ==YOU'VE GOT THIS!!!!!== - when diverting, bug altitude and stay at that altitude until you intentionally vacate that altitude - make sure you communicate what you are doing - feel free to use the autopilot but be comfortable using it and have the flight director programmed properly before use - good job disconnecting when avoiding traffic or when you want to do something different - when using the direct to function you can move the small FMS knob to input a different airport - good job on the short and normal landings and the forward slip to a landing - on the soft field, ==DON'T LET THE NOSE WHEEL TOUCH DOWN UNTIL IT FALLS DOWN!!== --- # 7/30/2024 - remember to use standard rate turn for all instrument maneuvers - normally about 15 degrees of bank - zero bank angle before pitching up in a nose low unusual attitude ## Steep Turns - slight loss of altitude in first turn - rolled past rollout heading on first turn roll out, watch closely and start roll out about 22 degrees before reaching heading ## Slow Flight - within tolerances - remember to always correct for *any* deviation, no matter how small ## Power off Stalls - always prioritize climbing first and then you can bring the flaps up ## Power on Stalls - make sure not to lose any altitude in the entry --- # 7/1/2024 - great job on both simulated engine failures - ground reference $\rightarrow$ S turns and turns around a point - good job on the turns around a point spending more time switching inside and outside - this lead to you keeping your airspeed and altitude much better than before which resulted in a better circle as well - Steep Turns (PFD off) - good job - Soft Field Takeoff and Landing - # 6/29/2024 - remember that induced drag typically decreases as airspeed increases - this is because flying at a faster airspeed requires a lower angle of attack - the majority of induced drag is generated by wingtip vorticies - the disruption of these vortices near the ground is what causes "ground effect" or the perceived increase in performance close to the ground - Stall and Spin Recovery - the reason that we reduce power in a spin recovery is so that we can reduce angle of attack but reducing the amount of airflow moving over the horizontal stabilizer - we don't reduce power to stop accelerating towards the ground - --- # 6/15/2024 - discussed why maneuvering speed changes with weight - good explanation of what $V_A$ is - good explanation of how it changes with weight - discussed causes of spins - remember that you want to bring this back to a difference in angle of attack between the wings - being uncoordinated can be a cause of this, but fundamentally that causes a difference in angle of attack - spin recovery procedure - power idle, ailerons neutral, rudder opposite direction, elevator forward - reason for bringing the power to idle is to reduce angle of attack of the airplane - discussed left turning tendencies - torque $\rightarrow$ think about the equal and opposite force that is being exerted on the engine of the airplane - discussed other questions from previous progress check - good job with all of them - keep up the good work in preparation for the progress check!! --- # 6/1/2024 - [ ] review of [[EOC Progress Check Notes]] --- # Plan for Next Time - [x] weather review - [x] aeromedical factors review - [x] airspace review # 5/25/2024 - if you're going to make a PIREP and you're not communicating with an ATC facility you want to call flight service - good job with aeromedical factors - R on VOR means receive only - specifically flight service can only receive on that frequency - underline on VOR frequency means no voice transmission on that frequency - good job with airspace - good job with weather information --- # 5/14/2024 - if you are not aligned on the centerline of the runway by the time you're in the round out, just go around - don't forget to read back the runway number - make sure you maintain centerline alignment with the runway on the upwind - you can use track vector on mfd or just look behind you at the runway - don't forget about adding nose up trim on short final to help with the flare - let the airplane come all the way down to the round out! --- # 5/8/2024 - practice in ground trainer ## Weather Information - review the notes that I emailed you for this Saturday ## Aeromedical Factors - [ ] continue to review [[Types of Hypoxia]] --- # 5/7/2024 - remember to maintain a Vy climb until 1,000 feet AGL - add back pressure on elevator at 45 knots so that the airplane naturally lifts off around 55 knots ## Turns Around a Point - good job maintaining altitude ![[Pasted image 20240507160936.png]] - airspeed got a little bit slow, but still within ACS tolerances - pay attention to the engine noises to see if your RPMs have gone down at all ## S-Turns - got slightly low during second turn - airspeed and turn radius was good ![[Pasted image 20240507161502.png]] ## Power off Stall - good job with setup - pay more attention to heading reference and turn coordinator to avoid a wing drop ## Power on Stall - make sure that you keep pulling back on the yoke until the airplane stalls fully # 5/6/2024 ## Power off Stall - within ACS standards - lead a little bit earlier pitching down to "catch" 65 knots ## Power on Stall - good job - try to continually increase the amount of right rudder you're using because the left turning tendencies will get stronger and stronger as you increase angle of attack ## Steep Turns - pay close attention to your bank angle, you are rolling in perfectly to the correct angle but tend to slowly bring the bank out as you go through the turn --- # 5/4/2024 ## Electrical System - very good job - good answer about the battery being mainly used for engine starting ## Engine Oil - cools - cleans - lubricates - seals - low oil pressure and increasing oil temperature - land as soon as possible ## Pitot Static System - [ ] review [[Pitot Static Instruments]] ## Regulations ### VFR Weather Minimums - perfect ### Supplemental Oxygen - remember that these are based on cabin pressure altitude and not based on actual altitude - because of that there are situations where you would need it below the required altitude ## Inoperative Equipment - great job ## Aircraft Documents - great job - just remember that it is called a radio station license --- # 3/16/2024 - great job on ground reference maneuvers, emergency descent, and simulated engine failure - [ ] completed course completion checklist - things to continue to review for progress check and checkride (in addition to everything else) - weather information and products - all airspace, including special use airspace - checklist memory items - ACS standards ## Availability for Progress Check - anytime - out of town thursday through Monday # 3/13/2024 ## Plan for Lesson - [x] make a Navlog to X23 --> fly that and then practice short and soft field landings there - [x] Flight covering remaining items on the simulated FAA practical exam flight portion - [ ] complete course completion checklist - [ ] view "private pilot oral" check ride video ## Flying Navlog - don't forget about leaning the mixture once getting to cruise ## Short Field - great job with both the takeoffs and landings - on touchdown point ## Soft Field - remember that we don't have a required touchdown point so as long as you're at a reasonable point and in the first 3rd of the runway take your time to reduce your descent rate as much as possible ## BAI - great job ## Unusual Attitudes - nose low attitude 1. power idle 2. correct bank 3. correct pitch ## Slow Flight - good job - heading was within ACS tolerances but watch it a little bit more so that you deviate less ## Simulated Engine Failure - **ALWAYS** verify checklist memory items for engine failure in flight ## Turns Around a Point - pay close attention to your altitude - you don't want to look inside that much, but always periodically scan the instruments ![[IMG_0141.jpeg]] ## S-Turns - good job - altitudes were consistent ![[Pasted image 20240313121400.png]] ## Emergency Descent - bring the bank in and don't add back pressure on the elevator - once you've accelerated and are lined up on your simulated landing point, you can bring the wings level and hold $V_{NO}$ --- # 3/6/2024 - [x] reviewed deficiencies on FAA Knowledge test - [x] endorsed for deficiences on FAA Knowledge test - [x] endorsed for practical test (endorsements not signed yet) ## Knowledge Test Review - [x] regulations relating to alcohol and drugs - [x] effects of ground effect - [x] maneuvering speed - [x] Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. - [x] Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying - [x] Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting ## Ground Trainer Practice - don't forget about crosswind corrections! - you can make it a habit by always setting a crosswind correction during takeoff and landing even if it is a tiny actual crosswind - you wan this to become something that you do during every takeoff and landing ### Short Field Takeoffs and Landings - during landing, remember to slowly bring in crosswind corrections - great job on your airspeed on final approach - good job with callouts during the takeoff roll ### Soft Field Takeoffs and Landings - don't forget to hold back pressure on the elevator during the entire takeoff roll - you want to be using it as you're initially entering onto the runway - still a 61 it final approach speed ### Stalls with Bank - don't forget about adding rudder in the direction of the turn as required, just like you would need for a normal turn ### Slow Flight - during a climb or descent, you're still always setting pitch for your airspeed just like you would when maintaining level flight in slow flight ### Simulated Engine Failure - don't forget to *verify* items with the checklist if you have sufficient altitude to do so --- # 3/1/2024 ## Turns Around a Point - great job for the wind conditions ![[Pasted image 20240301162152.png]] ## S-Turns - pay close attention to your altitude during the maneuver --> we lost close to 200 feet ![[Pasted image 20240301162902.png]] ## Slow Flight - when you reach 5 kts above target airspeed, go ahead and add power - it won't be perfect and you will have to adjust it, but this will put you into a better position to make small adjustments a rather than bringing the power in too slowly and descending - always bug your heading and pick a reference point before beginning the maneuver. This is a good immediate indication that you're turning when you don't want to be and you can correct much faster ## Power off Stall - don't forget about getting into a stabilized descent at 65 ## BAI - good job ## Landings - when you're going to land long on a short field, go around, don't attempt to push the nose down to make it work # 2/23/2024 ## For Next - [x] review [[Weather Product Information Chart]] - [x] review [[metar-decode-key.pdf]] ## Notes - overall very good job with all questions - great job with VFR cruising altitudes - good job with medical certificate validity - review lift production a little bit more - great job with maneuvering speed - [ ] review [[Pitot Static Instruments]] - [ ] review [[Attitude Indicator]] ## Ground Trainer Notes - great job with short field takeoff2/27/2024 - winds gusting 25 kts, reviewed grounds instead - reviewed VOR naviagation, lost procedures, intercepting and tracking radials - [ ] review [[VHF Omnirange (VOR)]] - [ ] review [[Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)]] - remember that you ALWAYS want to set the course that you're intending to fly into the course for the VOR - when doing the lost procedures ALWAYS center the CDI with a FROM indication. The course that is displayed will be the radial you are currently on - when triangulating your position using a VOR, circle in the area - this will help to not get more lost - this will also help to make your calculations more accurate because if you're moving in a straight line you will in a different position by the time you're reading the radial from the other station # 2/23/2024 ## For Next - [x] review [[Weather Product Information Chart]] - [x] review [[metar-decode-key.pdf]] ## Notes - overall very good job with all questions - great job with VFR cruising altitudes - good job with medical certificate validity - review lift production a little bit more - great job with maneuvering speed - [ ] review [[Pitot Static Instruments]] - [ ] review [[Attitude Indicator]] ## Ground Trainer Notes - great job with short field takeoff # 2/21/2024 ## Before This Session - [x] [Private Pilot Oral Exam](https://youtu.be/kr483zBbQKw) - [x] [The Psychology of the Checkride](https://youtu.be/aY0L1R8xX1Y?si=y9MNk1SvjXjJd9eR) ## General Notes - [ ] review [TORA / TODA / LDA](https://www.aviationfile.com/tora-toda-asda-lda-clearway-and-stopway) - [ ] review [[Chart Supplement Legend.pdf]] ## Weather Information ### Sources of Information - ForeFlight doesn't provide a "official weather briefing" - this is because there is no such thing as an official weather briefing - the advantage of using ForeFlight or a weather briefer is that it is recorded - you have evidence that you got the weather information associated with the flight ### Weather Briefing Notes #### AIRMETs - issued 6 times a day or as required - good note about types of AIRMETs #### SIGMETs - [ ] review validity times and conditions associated with both these and convective SIGMETs #### NOTAMs - [ ] review [Bold Method: NOTAMs](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2018/01/7-types-of-notams-you-need-to-know/) ### Theory - [ ] review [[Conditions Associated with Stable and Unstable Conditions]] - maximum demonstrated crosswind component ## Airspace - [ ] review [AIM TRSA](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/atc_html/chap7_section_7.html) - [ ] review [[VFR Weather Minimums]] ## Aeromedical Factors ### Hypoxia - carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypemic hypoxia - the G1000 does have a "CO guardian" - good note about the increased risk for CO poisoning while using cabin heat - [ ] review [[Types of Hypoxia]] - good job with [[Supplemental Oxygen Requirements]] ### Hyperventilation - good job ### Middle Ear and Sinus Problems - remember that you can always descend or climb in steps to alleviate sins pressure ### Motion Sickness - good note about distractions - good note about having someone look forward ### IM SAFE Checklist - good job ### Alcohol Regulations - good job ### Fatigue - good job delineating between acute and chronic ## Principles of Flight ### Lift Generation - [ ] review [NASA Flow Turning](https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/right2.html) ### Fundamental Forces - good note about unaccelerated flight #### Drag - [ ] review the different types of drag - [ ] [Bold Method: Drag](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2018/07/how-the-5-types-of-drag-affect-your-airplane/) ### Maneuvering Speed - [ ] review [Bold Method: Maneuvering Speed](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/va-designed-maneuvering-speed-how-it-protects-your-aircraft/) --- # 2/14/2024 ## Notes - make sure to include your altitude when making position reports in the practice area ## Taxi - don't forget about crosswind corrections and pulling back on the elevator when turning - don't forget to close window before beginning the run up ## Soft Field Takeoff - the obstacle barrier speed is used instead of $V_x$ to give us better performance compared with accelerating to 62 knots - this will not give you better performance in the long run but it will for a 50 foot obstacle - add a little bit more back pressure to allow the nose to come up ## Slow Flight - add power 5 knots above target airspeed - once you added the power, airspeed and altitudes were consistent ## Power off Stall - good pitch during recovery - set climb attitude before beginning to retract flaps - bug heading before entering maneuver so you have it for quick reference ## Power on Stall - good job - you can increase pitch a little bit past 20 degrees to slow the airplane down to a stall (just don't go above 30 degrees nose up) ## BAI - bug your altitude and heading before turning or climbing to it as a reference - pay close attention to your altitude, especially in a turn when you're diverting attention to your heading ## Ground Reference - for S turns, start the turn as you're crosswind the reference line $\rightarrow$ this will make the maneuver smoother and avoid you having to fly in a straight line to catch up to your point on the other side of the turn ## Engine Failure (Simulated) - good job with airspeed, picking best field, and memory items on the checklist - make sure to verify items on the checklist - head straight towards your point and execute 360 degree turns if necessary to lose altitude - always try to land into the wind (just like on a normal runway) - if you notice you're high, add flaps or slip when necessary --- # 2/10/2024 ## Turns Around A Point - **HUGE IMPROVEMENT** - good job picking out your points - be a little bit more cautious to look back inside at the altimeter so you don't gain or lose altitude - remember that changes in altitude come with changes in airspeed, which cause a change in groundspeed --> meaning that altitude deviations will cause you to get off your point ## Steep Turns - good job - a little bit shallow with the bank angle, but again an improvement ## Plan - [x] ground reference maneuvers - [x] short and soft field landings - [x] steep turns ## Taxi and Before Takeoff - good job with checklists - attempt to start the engine without priming when the engine is still warm - this helps to avoid excess fuel being pushed into the engine - notice how the engine backfired during start, that was caused by excess fuel flowing in and not being able to fully combust before entering the exhaust ## Short / Soft Takeoffs and Landings (X23) ![[Pasted image 20240203140422.png]] - good job with patterns, they were pretty consistent - during the climb in upwind, and until reaching pattern altitude, maintain $V_y$ ### Landings - when you have gusting winds, you can increase your approach speed - additionally, try to avoid overcorrections as this can cause you to have large variations in airspeed and altitude - *GREAT DECISIONS TO GO AROUND!* - remember, however, that the goal during a go around is to safely climb away from the runway - flaps will hinder your climb performance, but they should *not* be your primary concern when beginning go around - radio calls can wait until the airplane is under control ## General Advise - when you haven't practiced maneuvers in a while, remember to be intentional with everything that you do. You can't expect to get back into the airplane and do everything with the same ability you did before, and that is another reason to focus on each item from the SOPs and think about why you're doing each one. This will allow you to get back to where you are faster and continue progressing. --- # 1/31/2024 ## Radio Failure and Light Gun Signals - always keep in mind that when you have a radio failure you will not be able to operate the lights - squawk 7600 for a radio failure - you can find the light gun signals on the ForeFlight drive ## Weather ### Icing - required to be in visible moisture and below freezing temperature ### Changes in Pressure and Temperature - remember the acronym *high to low, lookout below* ## Maneuvering Speed - this increases with weight - this is because the required angle of attack to fly at the same airspeed also increases with weight ## Systems - --- # 1/17/2024 - review [Aeromedical Factors Lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical) ## Plan 1. Review Airplane Maintenance Logs - [x] determine whether or not airplane is airworthy using logs 2. Discuss Navlog related questions (cross country flight planning) 3. Practice ground reference maneuvers in the ground trainer - [x] review SOPs for turns around a point, S turns, and Rectangular Course 4. Review Systems - [x] review the [UND Electrical System Diagram](https://mediafiles.aero.und.edu/aero.und.edu/aviation/trainers/c172s-electrical-system/) - [ ] review Pitot Static Instruments - [ ] review G1000 components 5. Review Principles of Flight - [x] lift production - [x] fundamental forces 6. Discuss ATC light gun signals and radio failures 7. Continue review for FAA practical exam ## Lift Production - include Newton's Third Law into discussion - talk a little bit more about deflection of air flowing over the wing ## Four Forces - good job ## Systems ### Electrical System ## Lift Production - include Newton's Third Law into discussion - talk a little bit more about deflection of air flowing over the wing ## Four Forces - good job ## Systems ### Electrical System - continue to work on your explanation - It's a good idea to read the POH and also review the [UND Electrical System Diagram](https://mediafiles.aero.und.edu/aero.und.edu/aviation/trainers/c172s-electrical-system/) ### Powerplant - good job naming the model (IO-360-L2A) - Crankshaft is connected directly from the cylinders to the propeller (direct drive) ## Turns Around a Point (Ground Trainer) - continued improvement 1. ![[B5AAFF69-C598-4F1E-A93B-2E45C56E807D_1_105_c.jpeg]] 2. ![[1E979452-7E77-4F7C-A7B1-0B05BC38C0EA_1_105_c.jpeg]] 3. ![[3AD4A52C-E4A2-4474-9F57-464FA89B11BB_1_105_c.jpeg]] ## Aeromedical Factors ### Hypoxia - good general description - hypoxic hypoxia - remember that this would come from a lack of oxygen going into lungs - think blocked airway or lack of oxygen in the air (high altitude) - hypemic hypoxia - think carbon monoxide (blood is picking up $CO$ instead of $O_2$ molecules) - stagnant hypoxia - caused by blood not being able to go to where it needs to go (typically caused by g forces in aviation) - histotoxic hypoxia - think mainly alcohol / drugs - caused by #### Effects of Hypoxia - review [Effects of Hypoxia Lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical/effectsofhypoxia) - review [AOPA: Hidden Hazard Video](https://youtu.be/6ebhig-vr9o?si=tY6KfC-V7J5c9kw2) #### Supplemental Oxygen Requirements - [ ] review [FAR 91.211: Supplemental Oxygen Requirements](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-91/subpart-C/section-91.211) - recommendations: good job on remembering that ### Medical Certificate Validity - great job ### Fatigue - good job - just remember the differences between chronic and acute fatigue --- # 1/14/2024 - turn lights on when crossing runways - don't forget about making position reports in the practice area ## Takeoff - don't forget about adding crosswind correction during the takeoff (even with very light winds) - otherwise great job ## Slow Flight (Landing Configuration) - good job - if your power setting isn't working out, feel free to add or reduce it (even early on in the maneuver) ## Power off Stall - the primary concern during recovery is reducing angle of attack and being able to climb - don't worry as much about flap adjustments until you're established in a climb - be prepared to add a lot of right rudder when increasing pitch with a high power setting ## Power on Stall - good job - you don't have to bring the nose down quite as much - normally you can let the nose of the airplane "kiss" the horizon and you will be out of the stall ## Steep Turns - watch out for altitude deviations throughout the maneuver - adding nose up trim can help with this (feel free to add more if needed) - adding a little bit more power during the entry can also help - focus on the sight picture outside - pay attention to what a 45 degree bank angle looks like - you tended to allow your bank to come out a little bit and then increase it back (you want to be consistent with your bank angle throughout) ## Ground Reference ![[Pasted image 20240114170154.png]] - huge improvement when you focused on hitting those separate points - always consider the wind intensity so that you can preemptively set a steeper or shallower bank angle during the entry ## Landings - for a short field landing, remember that you can quickly bring the flaps up - braking should be aggressive $\rightarrow$ the goal is to stop quickly (as long as you're not locking out the wheels) - reviewed some oral exam questions - will plan to go over reviewing maintenance logs and required inspections next time - will review more navlog questions --- # 1/10/2024 ## Lift Generation - [NASA Flow Turning](https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/right2.html) - try to talk about lift generation in terms of forces and not pressure differences - pressure differences can be used to explain many other concepts, but try to not focus on it during explanations of lift ## Spins - remember that this comes from a difference in angle of attack between the wings - just being in a bank angle will not cause a large difference in angle of attack - reduction of power is used to decrease angle of attack ## Weather - good note about poorer visibility in a stable air mass - flying in thunderstorm conditions - remember to set a pitch that corresponds to maneuvering speeds - don't try to maintain a specific speed or altitude, but maintain a level pitch - the pitot heat can be used as either anti-icing or de-icing conditions depending on when it is used ## Before Next Session - [Private Pilot Oral Exam](https://youtu.be/kr483zBbQKw) - [The Psychology of the Checkride](https://youtu.be/aY0L1R8xX1Y?si=y9MNk1SvjXjJd9eR) - this is part one, you can find the other parts on the same channel --- # 1/6/2024 ## Airworthiness ### Required Documents - great job ### Required Inspections - remember the acronym AV1ATES - [ ] review my [Airworthiness Lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/preflightprep/airworthinessrequirements) ### Inoperative Equipment - good job - just remember to cross reference the KOEL and CEL - remember the acronym FLAPS for VFR night flight ## Airspace ### VFR Weather Minimums - [ ] [Bold Method: Class G Airspace Article](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/airspace/class-g-airspace-rules-explained/) - remember that you need a bravo clearance for each individual time that you enter bravo airspace ### Special Use Airspace - good job on these - you can reference my lesson on the [National Airspace System](https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=F78EC3D6477548D9%2136057&authkey=!AHDqXvF7ECgv8TY) ### VFR Cruising Altitudes - remember that these are based on *Magnetic Course* ## Systems ### Electrical System - review the [UND Electrical System Diagram](https://mediafiles.aero.und.edu/aero.und.edu/aviation/trainers/c172s-electrical-system/) - review [Impulse Coupling Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAntiSOgh5k) ## Aeromedical Factors - [ ] review [Aeromedical Factors Lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical) - go back over the different types of hypoxia and the symptoms associated with it - [ ] review [FAA OTC Medication Information](https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/licenses_certificates/medical_certification/medications/OTCMedicationsforPilots.pdf) - [ ] review [FAA Hazardous Attitudes](https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?cID=723&sID=1448&preview=true) --- andrehebra.github.io/student-notes/Students/Joshua/Notes.html