# FTN: # 3/2/2025 - EOC oral mock - standard departure minimums would assume that you cross the threshold at 35 feet - turn at 400' as well - review the updated [BasicMed Requirements](https://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airmen_certification/basic_med) - glideslope is 1.4 degrees wide (0.7 above and below) - continue to review special VFR - review VOR service volumes # 2/26/2025 - [[Daniel Rodriguez Instrument Logbook Audit Sheet.pdf]] # 2/25/2025 - [ ] review G1000 CDI Scaling - 0.3 - 1 - 2 - 4 - LPV is 700 feet wide at threshold (350 feet each side) - [ ] review VOT test signal ![[VOR Inspection#VOT Signal]] # 2/21/2025 - [ ] review [[Spatial Disorientation]] - got autokinesis - coriolis can cause a sensation of tumbling - [ ] review [[Types of Hypoxia]] - we can do our currency and IPC in the redbird except for the landing task and the circling approach - this can be found in the LOA of the redbird - can find the items that need to be done on IPC in the instrument ACS - [ ] review IFR alternate requirements - [ ] review mandatory reporting points --- # 2/20/2025 - mock instrument end of course ground - you can only substitute RNAV (GPS) up to the final approach fix, you *have* to use the navaid prescribed for the approach on the portion from the final approach fix to the missed approach point - [ ] review lost comms procedures - primary and supporting instruments - remember that primary and supporting is an implementation of the control and performance method --- # 2/18/2025 - end of course oral review - cross country planned for tomorrow evening - end of course ground and flight after that $\rightarrow$ review everything!! - currency requirements - remember that if you currency has lapsed for less than a year, you are able to do the instrument approaches either in the simulator or in the airplane with a safety pilot (VFR) - safety pilot requirements - good job - personal minimums - stated ceilings $\rightarrow$ double minimums for precision approach - I would go with a hard minimum for clouds and vis no matter what approaches are available - pitot static instruments - airspeed indicator uses a diaphragm --- # 2/13/2025 - partial panel approaches and holds - good job - remember to make descents slowly and be careful with large adjustments to your pitch attitude - you had a tendency to make S turns when tracking a course, this can be aided by being intentional with you heading changes # 2/12/2025 KMTN VOR 15 Partial panel with published missed ![[Pasted image 20250212120124.png]] - initial approach was good - missed approach did not load correct radial and got reverse sensing which caused way over correction - make sure that you ==**always**== select the course that you are ==**flying**== not the radial - hold entry was horrible - once established good # 2/11/2025 - review of partial panel approaches in the redbird # ==***BE INTENTIONAL WITH THE HEADINGS THAT YOU TURN TO, ESPECIALLY PARTIAL PANEL***== # KSSI VOR RWY 4 ![[KSSI VOR RWY 4.PDF]] ## Ground Track ![[Pasted image 20250211113329.png]] ## Notes - never, ever, ever, ever, just start turning to get back on course - the reason you were making S turns is because you were noticing the airplane being of course and you just started turning in one direction or the other 1. ***notice deflection*** 2. ***figure out what the required intercept heading should be*** 1. ***you can factor in the winds when you are making this decision, but even if you are incorrect you can correct later, the important thing is being intentional*** 3. ***notice the correction and whether it is having the intended effect*** 4. ***return to step 1 and continually make small adjustments to maintain your course*** # 2/5/2025 - review AIM 1-2-3 and when you can use GPS during an approach procedure - [ ] review approach categories - Category A: Speed 90 knots or less. - Category B: Between 91 and 120 knots. - Category C: Between 121 and 140 knots. - Category D: Between 141 knots and 165 knots. - Category E: Speed 166 knots or more - [ ] review [[IFR cross country planning guide.pdf]] - [ ] review [[Icing]] # 2/4/2025 - RNAV 31 @ KLEE - good job - hold @ CERMO ![[Pasted image 20250204121911.png]] - make sure to set wind correction angle outbound from direct entry so that you don't overshoot the inbound course - RNAV 25 KORL # 1/23/2025 - flew precision approaches in actual conditions - don't forget about verifying items on the checklist for all phases of flight - good job tracking and flying - good job on the first two approaches - ILS 25 into KORL - corrections were way too large for requirements - remember as the localizer and the glideslope become more and more sensitive it is not necessary to make very large adjustments # 1/22/2025 - [ ] review [IFR Magazine: How far can you see?](https://www.ifr-magazine.com/technique/how-far-can-you-see/) - [ ] review [Bold Method: RVR](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/weather/how-runway-visual-range-rvr-works/) - ==***ICING CONDITIONS $\rightarrow$ DECLARE EMERGENCY***== - always, simulator included - if you are cleared to a different IAF than what you were expecting, think about how that will affect your flight plan - if you were starting from a leg that did not require a procedure turn then it will not be loaded into the flight plan and you will either have to fly the hold manually or you can reload the approach if you have time, this should be included when you are briefing the approach - watch you altitudes!! - tolerances for approaches are $+ 100, -0$ - make sure that you start timing your hold entry at the right time, this is something that can make a big difference in how far off you are - this is especially important when you have a tailwind in the entry, if you start timing late that will result in you going quite far from the holding fix ## Hold Entry @ JORVU ![[Pasted image 20250122113740.png]] ## KSFB ILS 9R Approach - good job with callouts for course and glideslope - ==***don't forget your pitch and power values!!!***== - precision approach descent is ==-2.5 degrees== ### slight s turns on final ![[Pasted image 20250122114440.png]] ### Going Missed - ==***fly the airplane first***== - establish a climb rate, keep the airplane under control, and then handle the radios - tower doesn't need to know the exact second you go missed ## KORL ILS 7 (ESRAQ) - ==***don't forget to start timing!!***== - good job maintaining course and glideslope - ==***continued to land without required visibility***== --- # 1/15/2025 - practiced VOR DME holds and VOR / VOR holds - great job! ![[Pasted image 20250116115137.png]] # 1/14/2025 links from austin: **Systems [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/how-does-an-airspeed-indicator-work/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/how-does-an-airspeed-indicator-work/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/how-does-an-aircraft-altimeter-work-in-flight/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/how-does-an-aircraft-altimeter-work-in-flight/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-pitot-static-failures-in-flight/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-pitot-static-failures-in-flight/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/what-happens-when-your-pitot-tube-ices-over-airspeed-indicator-failure-scenario/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/what-happens-when-your-pitot-tube-ices-over-airspeed-indicator-failure-scenario/) [Attitude Indicator: How It Works | Boldmethod](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/learn-to-fly/systems/how-does-an-attitude-indicator-work-round-dial-and-glass-panel/)  IFR Clearances  [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/learn-to-fly/regulations/what-is-an-ifr-clearance-void-time-for-instrument-departure/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/learn-to-fly/regulations/what-is-an-ifr-clearance-void-time-for-instrument-departure/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/how-to-pick-up-an-ifr-clearance/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/how-to-pick-up-an-ifr-clearance/) AIM 5-2-1 through 5-2-8 Unusual Attitudes [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aeromedical-factors/spatial-disorientation-vestibular-illusions--how-to-prevent-each-illusion-in-the-clouds/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aeromedical-factors/spatial-disorientation-vestibular-illusions--how-to-prevent-each-illusion-in-the-clouds/)  All in flight ILLUSIONS  [Illusions in Flight](https://www.cfinotebook.net/notebook/aeromedical-and-human-factors/illusions-in-flight)  Chart Symbology [10 Minimum IFR Altitudes You Should Know | Boldmethod](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/12/you-should-know-these-ten-minimum-ifr-altitudes/)  [How To Use Low Altitude IFR Enroute Charts: Boldmethod Live | Boldmethod](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/10/how-to-use-low-altitude-ifr-enroute-charts/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/12/you-should-know-these-ten-minimum-ifr-altitudes/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/12/you-should-know-these-ten-minimum-ifr-altitudes/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/10/how-to-use-low-altitude-ifr-enroute-charts/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/10/how-to-use-low-altitude-ifr-enroute-charts/)  FAR 91.177 AIM 5-3-1 through 5-3-7 Icing  [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/10/five-types-of-deicing-systems-and-advantages-and-disadvantages/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/10/five-types-of-deicing-systems-and-advantages-and-disadvantages/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/how-aircraft-icing-affects-your-wing-and-leads-to-an-early-stall/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/how-aircraft-icing-affects-your-wing-and-leads-to-an-early-stall/) Instrument Flying Handbook 10-23 and 10-24 and 4-13 – 4-17 GPS/VOR Navigation  [https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/waas/howitworks](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/waas/howitworks)   How waas works  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/what-is-WAAS-and-how-does-it-work/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/what-is-WAAS-and-how-does-it-work/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/rnav-and-gps-what-is-the-difference-navigation/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/rnav-and-gps-what-is-the-difference-navigation/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/the-faa-is-shutting-down-308-vors/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/the-faa-is-shutting-down-308-vors/) [The Different Types Of VORs, And How To Identify Them | Boldmethod](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/the-types-of-vors-and-how-to-identify-each-one-of-them/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/how-a-vor-works/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/how-a-vor-works/)  FAR 91.171 AIM 1-1-3 through 1-1-8 AIM 1-1-17 and 1-1-18 Departure Procedures  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/ifr-departure-diverse-departure-assessment-no-sid-and-no-odp-what-options/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/ifr-departure-diverse-departure-assessment-no-sid-and-no-odp-what-options/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/05/how-to-fly-obstacle-departure-procedures/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/05/how-to-fly-obstacle-departure-procedures/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/04/takeoff-minimums/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/video/2019/04/takeoff-minimums/) FAR 91.175  AIM 5-2-9 Holds [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-dme-on-instrument-approaches-and-vfr-use/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-dme-on-instrument-approaches-and-vfr-use/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/how-to-determine-your-holding-entry-procedures/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/how-to-determine-your-holding-entry-procedures/)  HOLDING PROCEDURE PRACTICE [Practice holds](https://www.practiceholds.com/)  [Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries](https://www.wolframcloud.com/objects/demonstrations/PracticingAircraftHoldingPatternEntries-source.nb)  AIM 5-3-8 Arcs [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/checkride/easy-mental-math-for-pilots-descent-planning/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/checkride/easy-mental-math-for-pilots-descent-planning/) DME ARC Practice [https://www.vormentor.com/DMEArc.html](https://www.vormentor.com/DMEArc.html) Approaches   [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-dme-on-instrument-approaches-and-vfr-use/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-dme-on-instrument-approaches-and-vfr-use/)  [ILS: How The Instrument Landing System Works | Boldmethod](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/ils-how-the-instrument-landing-system-works/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2024/06/the-seven-least-common-instrument-approaches/](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2024/06/the-seven-least-common-instrument-approaches/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/maneuvers/how-to-fly-a-perfect-ils-approach/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/maneuvers/how-to-fly-a-perfect-ils-approach/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/when-lnav-minimums-are-lower-than-vnav-which-should-you-use/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/when-lnav-minimums-are-lower-than-vnav-which-should-you-use/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/should-you-go-missed-if-you-fly-past-the-vdp-on-approach/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/should-you-go-missed-if-you-fly-past-the-vdp-on-approach/) [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/mda-vs-da-minimum-descent-altitutude-decision-altitude-how-to-use-both/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/mda-vs-da-minimum-descent-altitutude-decision-altitude-how-to-use-both/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/what-is-the-difference-between-lpv-and-lnav-vnav-and-plus-v-gps-approaches/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/what-is-the-difference-between-lpv-and-lnav-vnav-and-plus-v-gps-approaches/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/how-an-lda-approach-works/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/how-an-lda-approach-works/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/safety/unreliable-ils-signal-causes-missed-approach-on-the-final-segment-course-scalloping/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/safety/unreliable-ils-signal-causes-missed-approach-on-the-final-segment-course-scalloping/)  [https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/maneuvers/how-vor-approaches-work-fly-them/](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/maneuvers/how-vor-approaches-work-fly-them/)  AIM 1-1-9 AIM 5-4-4 through 5-4-10 AIM 5-4-20 and 5-4-21 AIM 5-4-23 FAR 91.175 IFR Cross Country Procedures  FAR 91.167 and 91.169 FAR 91.177 and 91.179 FAR 91.181 IFR Lost Communications  FAR 91.183 and 91.185 AIM 6-4-1 through 6-4-3 Quizlet Folder [https://quizlet.com/user/Jack_Hobbs/folders/ifr?i=9rgw4&x=1xqY](https://quizlet.com/user/Jack_Hobbs/folders/ifr?i=9rgw4&x=1xqY)** # 1/13/2024 - [ ] review the following video: <div class='iframe-container'><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qJ7ZAUjsycY?si=GqtUyfVKikikzjCx" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> - [ ] review [[VHF Omnirange (VOR)]] - [ ] review [[Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)]] - [ ] review [Bold Method: Minimum IFR Altitudes](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/12/you-should-know-these-ten-minimum-ifr-altitudes/) - [ ] review [Aeronautical Chart Users Guide](https://aeronav.faa.gov/user_guide/cug-complete_20241226.pdf) - [ ] review ![[IFR Required Malfunction Reports]] - [ ] review ![[Heading Indicator and Magnetic Compass]] - [ ] # 1/9/2024 ## Required Equipment - *sensitive altimeter* - [ ] review [[IFR Required Malfunction Reports]] - [ ] review the G1000 pilots guide system overview - [ ] review ![[Heading Indicator and Magnetic Compass]] # 12/12/2024 - DME Arcs - remember, don't be in a rush to get everything done, for a DME arc you have time to "twist 10" and then turn 10 - set the heading that you want to fly and then turn to it, don't rush through and start twisting the heading knob and turning at the same time - if you do it perfectly it will save you like 2 seconds, but in reality it will lead to you deviating from altitude/speed/heading because you are trying to do too many things at the same time # 11/29/2024 - [ ] review [Bold Method: IFR Altitudes](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2022/12/you-should-know-these-ten-minimum-ifr-altitudes/) - [ ] review [[VHF Omnirange (VOR)]] --- # 11/22/2024 - [ ] review [[Pitot Static Instruments]] --- # 11/14/2024 ## writing down clearance - good job - remember you can use craft sheet from foreflight ## Departure (instrument takeoff) - great job - good job navigating to fixes as you are cleared to them ## Compass Turns - good job with undershoot and overshoot - good job not looking at compass until bank angle is zero ## Partial Panel (loss of all primary) - good job - don't forget to add rudder (even without turn coordinator) --- # 11/8/2024 ## TODO - [ ] review all the different ways you can pickup an IFR clearance - [ ] review primary and supporting instruments - [ ] review patterns 5 and 6 - [ ] review and chair fly instrument flight deck check!! ## KSSI Scenario - good job ## Pattern 2 (loss of heading indicator, compass turns) - good job with the 180 degree turns using the compass - remember to review the overshoot and undershoot info at the end of the SOPs - when making small heading adjustments (especially on a north south heading) make sure that you only focus on the magnetic compass when you are wings level - if you start to look at it when you are established in the turn you are going to have a tendency to overshoot or undershoot - remember not to establish a greater bank angle than the number of degrees of heading change required ## Pattern 1 (loss of heading indicator, timed turns) - good job ## Pattern 3 - good job ## Pattern 4 - good job - remember that when you are leveling off from a climb you want to leave the power in until you reach your desired speed - in this case we want to fly level at 90 knots so wait until the airspeed has accelerated up to that before changing the power setting ## IFR Clearances - you will not always be cleared to an airport - the C in craft stands for "clearance limit", this doesn't have to be an airport --- # 11/7/2024 ## Departure - good job - remember when flying IFR all instructions to fly a heading mean you should actually fly that heading and not your course - don't forget about [Instrument Flight Deck Check](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2018/06/12-steps-for-the-perfect-instrument-cockpit-check/)! ## Climbs/Descents - great job with constant airspeed and constant rate, continue to practice these ## Airspeed Changes in Level Flight - 100 $\rightarrow$ 70 $\rightarrow$ 50 $\rightarrow$ 100 - good job ## Compass Turns - you can think about how much you need to overshoot or undershoot based on the direction your are turning by understanding that you heading will increase during a turn to the right and decrease for a turn to the left, this sounds obvious but it is an easier method than visualizing the opposite direction that the magnetic compass normally turns - remember acronym OSUN "Overshoot south undershoot north" ## Timed Turns - good job ## Pattern 1 - good job - remember that you have a tendency to miss when you should start a turn when you are more task saturated, with this in mind anytime you are doing a checklist come back to the flight instruments periodically (even if it takes you longer to do the checklist) ## Pattern 2 - when doing the climb/descent at 500 feet per minute, level off after 1 minute even if you're not quite to your altitude ## Approach and Landing - landing a little bit flat, probably partially due to being dark outside, which lead to a slightly higher round out than you normally do - don't let your landings suffer when you are doing instrument!!! Remember that you still have to land properly to pass the instrument check ride --- # 11/1/2024 - [ ] review [Primary and Supporting Method for IFR](https://www.touringmachine.com/articles/ifr/108/) - [ ] review [Instrument Flight Deck Check Bold Method](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2018/06/12-steps-for-the-perfect-instrument-cockpit-check/) - [ ] review [[Heading Indicator and Magnetic Compass]] - [ ] review [[Magnetic Compass Turns Guide.pdf]] - keep in mind that a TAF will typically only forecast about 5 statute miles around the airport - practiced pattern 1 and 2 - [ ] review instrument pattern 3 and 4 --- # Private Pilot Section # [OneNote Notebook](https://1drv.ms/u/s!AtlIdUfWw473guJK8iO3y9HoAs99Pg) # TODO - [ ] finish IACRA application - [x] copy photo ID - [x] psychology of the checkride videos watched - [x] maintenance log item sigend on course completion checklist - [ ] will review in the actual airplane before the practical once the plane is known - [x] copy of student pilot certificate - [ ] review ACS standards for each private pilot maneuver # 4/12/2024 ## Things to Go Over Again - torque (left turning tendencies) - adverse yaw - the airplane will want to yaw towards the outside of the turn ## Oral Notes to Review - [x] Be sure you have navlog with ICAO flight plan information - [x] Private pilot privileges and limitations good, but remember that a common purpose for a flight must exist in order to share expenses pro rata - in other words, you cannot be solicited to fly. See AC 61-142 for more information. - [x] In general, try to be very specific with certificate/document expiry dates - "2 years" is much more vague than "24 calendar months" - [x] +1 bonus point for knowing the 7/14/2006 basicmed medical date - [x] Review aircraft requiring additional training and endorsement to operate (§61.31) - [x] Review safety pilot requirements (§91.109) - [x] ELT inspection interval 12 calendar months (said 2 years) - [x] "Preventative maintenance" listed in Part 43 appendix A - [x] KOEL 0 vs CEL R - if the item is in both lists, the KOEL specifies which types of operations it is required for - [x] Review §91.205 - had most, but not all items - [x] Review explanations of lift - [x] Review left turning tendencies (did not discuss torque, explained "adverse yaw" as slipstream) - [x] Review induced vs parasite drag - [x] Magnetic variation is not directly proportionate to latitude (magnetic dip and compass acceleration/turning errors are) - [x] Review operations in restricted areas (will ATC issue you a clearance if the area is inactive?) - [x] Night operations: good - in addition to difficulty navigating, you can also anticipate difficulty in maintaining control of the aircraft when operating in a remote area, without a visible horizon. See JFK Jr case study, this can happen a lot more quickly than you might think! - [x] Review convective SIGMET issuance/valid times - [x] Review meaning and significance of atmospheric instability - [x] Review frontal weather hazards (specific to each type of front) - [x] See FAA NOTAM contractions for unfamiliar NOTAMs - [x] Systems (electrical, oil, flight instruments) ok, but had to look several things up, review this before checkride - [x] Review PAVE checklist --- # 3/15/2024 - great job with landings - [x] completed items for the mock flight portion # 3/14/2024 - good job with short field takeoff - great job with unusual attitude recovery ## Turns Around a Point ![[Pasted image 20240314080310.png]] ## S-Turns ![[Pasted image 20240314081137.png]] ## Short Field - overshot point - remember that if you're aiming point is getting too low on the windscreen, you need to reduce the energy state of the airplane --- # 3/12/2024 ## Weather Information - review occluded fronts - [[Surface Analysis Chart]] - good job with METARs - good job with surface analysis chart - remember that quick changes in pressure don't necessarily mean gusting winds but do indicate higher winds - new TAF FM groups are only placed into the forecast when conditions are expected to change - there isn't going to be one every x hours for a specific TAF - TEMPO is used for periods of 30 minutes or more but less than 60 minutes - Becoming on the TAF means that there is expected to be a gradual change in the weather over no more than 2 hours ### AIRMETs - good job on issue times - [ ] review the specific conditions that are related to AIRMETs being issued ### SIGMETs - remember that you don't want to include SIGMETs ### Convective SIGMETs - *typically* when we're talking about convective activity we are talking about thunderstorms - Severe thunderstorms with surface winds greater than 50kts - Hail at the surface greater than or equal to 3/4 inch in diameter - Tornadoes - Also issued to advise pilots of embedded thunderstorms, lines of thunderstorms, or thunderstorms with heavy or greater precipitation that affect 40 percent or more of a 3,000 square mile or greater region ## Aeromedical Factors ### Hypoxia - review these!! - [ ] [[Types of Hypoxia]] - [ ] [[Hypoxia]] ## Systems ### Pitot Static - good job - slip skid indicator is a part of the AHRS ### Electrical System - good job with batteries - review the components that are on each one of the busses of the electrical system - electrical system is 28 volts ### Powerplant - camshaft is geared into the crankshaft - for each rotation of the crankshaft, the camshaft rotates 180 degrees - good job with everything else ### Fuel System - [ ] review [[Fuel System]] - good job with all the components, but review them so that you can go through in order ## Principles of Flight ### Lift Generation - [ ] review [NASA Flow Turning](https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/right2.html) - try to not talk about pressure differences creating lift - the other parts of your explanation were good ### Stalls - good explanation ### Spins - this is caused by different angles of attack and one or both wings stalling - recovery - PARE: good job - we bring the power to idle because we want to decrease angle of attack as much as possible --- # 3/11/2024 - **congrats on getting the last solo cross country done!** - **Be confident in your answers!! You know them, when you're saying the answer don't question yourself** ## Plan for Lesson - [x] mock FAA practical exam ground portion - [ ] watch the psychology of the checkride [Diego Alfonso](https://www.youtube.com/@2DALFONSO) - [ ] watch the rules of the checkride part 1 to 8-A [Diego Alfonso](https://www.youtube.com/@2DALFONSO) ## Privileges and Limitations - [ ] review medical certificate validity and duration times - [FAR 61.23](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-61/section-61.23#p-61.23(d)) - [ ] review [FAA BasicMed](https://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airmen_certification/basic_med) - recent flight experience - this can be found in [FAR 61.57](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-61.57) ## Airworthiness Requirements - radio station license is required for the airplane for international flight - flight review is required every 24 months - keep in mind you can also use the WINGS program - proficiency is not based on flying maneuvers to ACS standards - it is based on your ability to safely operate the airplane under different circumstances - good job with the airworthiness questions - MEL - [ ] review A TOMATO FLAMES FLAPS (you want to have these memorized) - [FAR 91.205](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-91/subpart-C/section-91.205) ## Weather Information - requirements for thunderstorm formation 1. moisture 2. lifting force 3. unstable air mass - [ ] review [[Cold Front]] - [ ] review [[Fog Types]] - squall lines are narrow bands of active thunderstorms - these often develop ahead of a cold front - convective SIGMETs will include thunderstorms - increases in temperature - this will not only affect engine performance - [ ] review [[Air Mass]] - personal minimums - it can be helpful to have your personal minimums written out so that you're ready to discuss them - good job with Icing ## Airspace - good job - review warning areas - these will normally be found outside of US jurisdiction - good job about defense VFR flight plans - TRSA - you can think of these like a delta that has grow up but isn't quite a charlie - this will provide radar services and advisories to participating aircraft - [ ] continue to review all types of special use airspace --- # 2/27/2024 - great job with flows - great job with radio communications - overall, really good job ## Short Field Landing - good job on the second one - the first one you needed to flare more - if you're going to be landing long, **GO AROUND**, there is no point in not flaring, not just because its not good for the nose gear, but also because you're still landing long, which you wouldn't ever do on an actual short field ## Steep Turns - good job - add a little bit more power to not lose airspeed ## Slow Flight (Clean) - make sure you're looking outside!! ## Emergency Descent - **absolutely beautiful!!** - *bellisimo* ## Simulated Engine Failure - good job - great job verifying quickly with checklist - airspeeds were consistent # 2/22/2024 ## Hypoxia - good job - good job remembering [[Supplemental Oxygen Requirements]] ## Systems ### Heater ![[Screenshot 2024-02-22 at 07.55.26.png]] ### Electrical System - the standby battery is not required as per the KOEL for VFR flight - good note about using the standby battery first ### Fuel System - the low fuel annunciator will be activated once the fuel quantity goes below 5 gallons in one tank for more than 60 seconds - good job talking about the fuel distribution valve - great note about using the fuel shutoff valve in a fire - great note about not drawing fuel from the bottom of the tank ### Items that are Engine Driven 5. Engine driven fuel pump 6. Alternator 7. Vacuum pump 8. Magnetos 9. Oil pump ### Oil System - remember that it is a wet sump system - [ ] review [PHAK Oil System](https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/faa-h-8083-25c.pdf#page=176) - remember that we want the oil to heat up sufficiently before running the engine at high RPM - # 2/19/2024 ## Weather - in a low pressure system, the airflow is counter clockwise ### Fronts - An air mass moving across an area, the boundary layer is known as a front ### Icing - [ ] review [[Icing Intensity]] ### Thunderstorms - good note talking about downdrafts and microbursts ### Stability - remember that this is always related to the lapse rate ### Fog - [ ] review [[Fog Types]] ## Hypoxia - [x] review [[Types of Hypoxia]] - [ ] review [[Supplemental Oxygen Requirements]] - [ ] review [[Hypoxia]] ## Weight and Balance ![[weight and balance example.png]] - [ ] continue to practice with doing weight and balance problems by hand --- # 2/16/2024 ## Notes - slow down a bit with the radio calls (specifically position reports) ## Soft Field takeoff - good job ## Steep Turns - great job maintaining altitude - rollout headings were good - airspeeds were good ## Slow Flight - good job with airspeed and altitude - remember to still clear under the wing before beginning a turn - watch your rollout heading, your turn rate is increased as airspeed goes down, so you need to rollout a little bit earlier than usual - work on maintaining coordination, especially in turns ## Power on Stall - good job ## Turns Around a Point ![[IMG_0102.jpeg]] - a little bit wider on one side ## S-Turns ![[Pasted image 20240216123406.png]] - go a little bit slow increasing your bank angle on the upwind portion ## Short Field Landing - good job bringing the flaps up - airspeeds were good - landing was a little bit long --- # 2/12/2024 ## Plan - [x] **Bring in FAA written exam so I can scan it in** - [x] Systems extravaganza! - [x] talk about all systems in the airplane ## Notes - FAA written exam uploaded to FSP and given back ## Systems ### Ignition System - Impulse coupling also delays the initial spark of the spark plug allowing it to ignite at *top dead center* - the gears inside of the magnetos are plastic - this means that they can potentially break easily but this should not cause the engine to seize ### Electrical System - **Don't forget about the x-feed bus** - Electrical system is 28 volts - Standby battery is 24 volts - Standby battery will engage when the main bus voltage reaches 20 volts - [ ] review which items are included on each electrical bus - [ ] review [AC vs DC Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jqJZxxX6gQ) <div class=iframe-container> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2jqJZxxX6gQ?si=kDhL0aueDcX4bTz1" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> ### Pitot-Static System - [ ] review [[Pitot Static Instruments]] - remember that the static wicks are unrelated to the pitot-static system - [ ] review [[Alternate Static]] system ![[Alternate Static]] ### Fuel System - total capacity: 56 gallons - usable fuel capacity: 53 - [ ] review [[Fuel System]] ![[Fuel System]] ### Autopilot - good job with limitations - a rated pilot is required to occupy the left seat to use the autopilot - methods of disconnecting the autopilot 1. autopilot disconnect button on yoke 2. autopilot button on G1000 3. circuit breaker 4. CWS button 5. activating the electric trim 6. turning off avionics bus 2 7. turning the master off 8. go around button --- # 2/8/2024 ## Plan - [ ] bring in FAA written exam results so that we can scan into system - [ ] cover medical certificate validity questions - [x] little bit o' pilotage ## Taxi / Takeoff - don't forget about departure briefing!! ## Navigation - great job using pilotage and landmarks to orient yourself ## Power on Stall (20 degree bank right turn) - good job - add just a little bit more right rudder ## Power Off Stall - good job ## Steep Turns - good job - bank was very slightly less than 45 degrees, not a huge deal, but try to hold the bank in just a little bit more ## Turns Around a Point - make sure that you have your four points picked out - give yourself plenty of time to set up for the maneuver by extending before entering into the maneuver - also remember that the wind indications on the PFD are only accurate when flying straight and level ![[Pasted image 20240208075837.png]] ![[Pasted image 20240208080539.png]] ## S-Turns ![[Pasted image 20240208081036.png]] ## Additional Notes - remember to always clear the area that you're going to be turning into - if your first turn is to the right, you can do a 90 degree turn to the right and then another 90 degree turn to the left *OR* you can do a 180 degree turn to the *left* - work on consistency with radio calls at non-towered airports $\rightarrow$ you always want your position and intentions to be very obvious with whatever you're doing - most people are not very consistent with this, but that doesn't mean you shouldn't be --- # 2/6/2024 ## Plan For Lesson - [x] evaluative mock practical exam ground session - [ ] bring in FAA written exam results so that we can scan into system ## Aeromedical Factors - [ ] review [Aeromedical Factors Lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical) ### Hypoxia - [ ] review [[Hypoxia]] - [ ] AIM recommendations - [ ] FAR requirements - [ ] Types of Hypoxia ### Fatigue - good job ### Over the Counter Medications - [ ] review [FAA OTC Medications Checklist](https://www.faa.gov/pilots/medical_certification/media/OTCMedicationsforPilots.pdf) ### Dissolved Nitrogen - good job ### Hyperventilation - good job ### Sinus Problems - good job - remember that you can always stop a descent or climb (assuming it is safe / you let ATC know if communicating with them) to help someone with sinus problems or ear block ### Alcohol Use - good job ## Principles of Flight - the 4 forces are *equal* in *unaccelerated flight* - this means that they are equal in a constant speed climb ### Lift Generation - good explanation - make sure to clarify "Newton's $3^{rd}$ law" ### Drag - induced drag increases or decreases as the *angle of attack* increases or decreases - [ ] review [Bold Method: Parasite Drag (types)](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/parasite-drag-and-your-airplane/) ## Weight and Balance - combined total weight of baggage area A and B is 120 pounds - baggage area A: 120 pounds - baggage area B: 50 pounds ## Weather Information ### METAR - *AUTO* indicates an automatically generated report - *AO2* indicates a station with a precipitation discriminator ### Occluded Fronts - [ ] review [Bold Method: Fronts](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/weather/types-of-weather-fronts-that-will-affect-your-next-flight/) - [ ] occluded fronts are typically why a cold front overtakes a warm front ahead of it ### Surface Analysis - pressures are reported in *millibars* ### Icing - good job ### AIRMET / SIGMET / CONVECTIVE SIGMET - review [Pilot Institute: AIRMETs and SIGMETs](https://pilotinstitute.com/airmets-vs-sigmets/) ## Systems ### Pitot-Static - remember that the pitot tube is only connected to the airspeed indicator ### G1000 - [ ] review $\downarrow$ ![[G1000 Panel Flow Chart.png]] ## Airworthiness - great job --- # 2/5/2024 - [x] reviewed missed question on actual FAA written exam - [x] endorsed for deficiencies on the knowledge test - [x] scheduled long cross country flight ## Missed Question Codes 10. PA.I.A.K1 11. PA.I.E.K1 12. PA.I.G.K1h 13. PA.II.D.K1 14. PA.III.B.K2 15. PA.IV.A.K2 16. PA.IV.C.K4 17. PA.IV.E.K2 18. PA.IX.D.K1 19. PA.VI.A.K5b 20. PA.VI.B.K2 21. PA.VI.C.K2 22. PA.XI.A.K1 ## Vacuum Instruments - the vacuum pump is powered by the engine - it is only used (in our airplane) to power the standby attitude indicator ## $V_x$ vs $V_y$ - $V_x$ is best *angle of climb* ## Ground Effect - good explanation ## ELT Testing - the ELT can only be tested during the first 5 minutes after the hour --- # 2/1/2024 ## Plan - [x] review missed questions on practice FAA written exam ## Altitudes ### Pressure Altitude - you can get the current pressure altitude by setting the altimeter to 29.92 - formula: $(29.92 -$ pressure setting$) \times 1000 \space +$ indicated altitude ### True Altitude - your actual altitude above mean sea level ## Holding Lines - remember the acronym *dash through the dash, stop at the solids* ## Stable vs Unstable Conditions - the stability of air refers to the lapse rate ## Night Time - from [FAR 1.1: Night Definition](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-1/section-1.1#p-1.1(Night)) - currency landings can be logged 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise - nav lights must be on from sunset to sunrise ## VFR / MVFR / IFR / LIFR Airport Conditions | Conditions | LIFR | IFR | MVFR | VFR | | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | Ceiling | less than 500 ft | 500 ft to less than 1,000 ft | 1,000 to 3,000 ft | greater than 3,000 ft | | Visibility | less than 1sm | 1sm to less than 3sm | 3sm to 5sm | greater than 5sm | - remember that only broken and overcast constitute a ceiling (legally speaking) ## PIREPs - *UA* is routine and *UUA* is urgent ## Winds - these are *ALWAYS* reported in true ### Winds Aloft Forecast - if the wind value is above 100 Knots, the direction will be increased by 50 - simply subtract 50 from the direction and add 100 to the wind velocity - remember that temperatures above 24000 are assumed to be negative --- # 1/30/2024 ## Soft Field Takeoff - good job - don't forget to set runway heading on the HSI before departure - it's better to be a little bit fast for the obstacle barrier speed than too slow ## Slow Flight - ## Slow Flight - good job - make sure not to go below speed, and if you do to correct quickly ## Power-On Stall - good job ## Engine Failure - remember to start heading for the best field before working on the checklist --- # 1/19/2024 - don't forget about checking the autopilot before beginning taxi - this can be easy to forget because not all of the airplanes have autopilot - another reason to *always* verify checklist items even when you know the flows ## Short Field Takeoff - good job ## Power On Turning Stall - nice decision making about clearing the area towards where you're turning into - the second one was much better because your rudder inputs were smooth ## Steep Turns - great job - perfect mixture of switching between looking inside and outside ## Unusual Attitudes - for a nose low attitude (airspeed increasing) correct for *bank first* and then pitch - otherwise good job ## Simulated Engine Failure - great job on field selection - make sure that you have that picked out and turn towards it before beginning the checklist - *Don't forget about declaring an emergency* $\rightarrow$ assuming you have the altitude for it ## Short Field Landing - good job - you can be a little bit more aggressive with the brakes once you touch down - *great decision to go around* --- # 1/17/2024 - reviewed preflight planning and endorsed logbook for solo cross country flight to Ocala --- # 1/11/2024 - power on stall - great job with attitude and recovery - slow flight (PFD off) - good job - s turns - great job - turn around a point - pick reference points a little bit farther away from your original point so that you fly a slightly wider circle - this will allow you more time to notice deviations and make corrections - engine failure (simulated) - good job making your point - don't forget about declaring an emergency / verifying memory items on the checklist --- # 1/8/2024 - [ ] watch [Private Pilot Oral Exam](https://youtu.be/kr483zBbQKw) - [ ] watch [Diego Alfonzo Videos from Course Completion Checklist](https://www.youtube.com/user/2DALFONSO) - [ ] save link for [FAA Written Exam Scheduling](https://faa.psiexams.com/faa/login) - [ ] keep taking practice exams!!!!!! --- ## Written Exam Review - reviewed VOR orientation exam questions - [ ] get practice tests done and show me two tests above 90% - want to get this done ASAP so that we can be done with it ## Systems - ignition system - remember that impulse coupling creates a larger voltage / current during engine start, and it will also slightly delay the ignition until the piston is at top dead center - brakes - good explanation - electrical system - good explanation of the alternator - remember that it is connected to the crankshaft --- # 1/5/2024 - flight using solely visual references to east practice area - great job using prominent landmarks - good job choosing when to climb ## Steep Turns - if your altitude deviates during clearing turns, re-bug it before starting the maneuver or climb back up to the original altitude - add a little bit more power so that airspeed doesn't decrease ## Power-off Turning Stall - great job with initial nose down pitch for the recovery - bring the nose up a little bit faster right to your climb pitch ## Emergency Descent - great job ## Ground Reference - good job - watch out for altitude changes in turns around a point - S - turns were nice ## Landing Practice - good job controlling airspeed during the initial portion of the go around - once airspeed has increased, go ahead a increase your pitch to get the best performance out of the airplane - great job with side slips - overall great job with the windy conditions --- # 1/4/2024 - discussed notes from cross country progress check ## VR Sim: KORL to X50 - used only pilotage to get there - good choices with landmarks - nice job pointing out landmarks and using them to aid your situational awareness - use the E6B to recalculate your heading if the winds aloft are very different from what was forecast - good job with pattern entry - overall good job with navigation $\rightarrow$ you know this stuff, don't overcomplicate things on the recheck --- # 1/3/2024 ## Airworthiness - strobe lights and beacon are considered to be part of the airpalens anticollision light system - MEL - these are specific to an aircraft - we do not have an MEL ## Airspace ### Review [Airspace Lesson](https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=F78EC3D6477548D9!36057&authkey=!AHDqXvF7ECgv8TY) - good job with requirements > [!info] Military Routes > IR: Instrument Route > VR: Visual Route > [Bold Method: Airspace (MTR)](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2023/07/5-unusual-airspace-areas-you-should-know-for-your-checkride/) ### ADIZ - air defense identification zone - need to be on a DVFR flight plan ### Flight Service - you can address flight service by stating "[station] radio" ## Systems ### Electrical System - battery is 24 volts, not 28 - alternator - good explanation - diodes - good explanation about how they work ### Flight Controls - ailerons - the 172 has differential frise type ailerons - when one aileron is deflected down 15 degrees, the other is deflected up 20 degrees - this is to aid against adverse yaw ## Performance - density altitude is just pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature # 1/2/2024 - short field takeoff - make sure to specify your simulated obstacle if you're using one - great job with holding obstacle barrier speed - rectangular course - make sure to enter on a 45 degree entry # 12/31/2023 - great work today - all of the landings were technically correct and lined up properly - be cautious about allowing the airplane to get to the needed airspeed before increasing pitch - GREAT DECISIONS TO GO AROUND!! - they were made at the correct time and were done efficiently - I cannot commend this enough - don't forget about retracting the flaps after takeoff when doing a soft field takeoff - this can be something that is easily overlooked - taxiing on the soft field is challenging, but you did a great job not applying the brakes # 12/30/2023 - always double check the VOR frequency and identifier to confirm that you are tracking the correct VOR and radial - if your GPS and VOR are not agreeing, you should troubleshoot the problem to make sure you are where you're planning to be - diversion - don't just turn towards your point without considering terrain / obstacles - BAI - great job - remember to periodically return to flight instruments when getting distracted by lost procedures - always fly the airplane first! - emergency descent - be more aggressive setting the initial bank and let the nose come down while doing that to get to your airspeed faster - don't allow the airplane to pass Vno - soft field landings - add power a little bit earlier to reduce descent rate - short field landings - be more aggressive with braking - if you're not going to make your touchdown point, GO AROUND - get the flaps up as soon as possible # 12/29/2023 - make sure to check autopilot before beginning taxi - slow flight - good job - you can preemptively add less power when you expect the performance of the airplane to be greater than normal (ie lower temperatures) - power off stall - don't push as much nose forward during recovery - good job during the takeoff - ground reference maneuvers - good job - add a slightly steeper bank during the downwind given the stronger wind conditions - give yourself a little bit more time to line up for the maneuver so that you're prepared during the entry - engine failure - DON'T forget to declare an emergency!!! - verify the checklist right after getting it done by memory - try to get a little bit closer to set up for circling in the downwind leg, it worked out well this time but it will make it work consistently by doing that --- # 12/28/2023 - [ ] review types of hypoxia - review pitot static system - [bold method pitot static failures](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/understanding-pitot-static-failures-in-flight/) - [bold method airspeed indicator](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/how-does-an-airspeed-indicator-work/) - [cfi notebook: pitot static instruments](https://www.cfinotebook.net/notebook/operation-of-aircraft-systems/pitot-static-systems) - review gyroscopes - [bold method attitude indicator](https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/learn-to-fly/systems/how-does-an-attitude-indicator-work-round-dial-and-glass-panel/) - review electrical system - review the fuel system - max ramp weight is 2558 lbs - review weather information listed in the ACS - go back over airworthiness requirements # 12/26/2023 - off shore flight - need a DVFR flight plan to fly outside of the ADIZ - legally you must be within gliding distance of the shore when flying offshore, unless you meet equipment requirements - [FAR 91.205(b)(12)](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-91/subpart-C/section-91.205) - principles of flight - lift generation - Bernoulli's principle - good explanation - newton's third law - good explanation - aeromedical factors - review [aeromedical factors lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical) - review [effects of hypoxia](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical/effectsofhypoxia) - review [FAR 91.211 - supplemental oxygen](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-91/subpart-C/section-91.211) - remember that these are based on cabin pressure altitude - hyperventilation - review [hyperventilation lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/technicalsubjects/aeromedical/hyperventilation) - OTC medication - [ ] save the FAA OTC medication checklist - [OTC medications FAA](https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/licenses_certificates/medical_certification/medications/OTCMedicationsforPilots.pdf) - airworthiness requiements - review required inspections - VOR inspection is only required for IFR flight - review [required inspections lesson](https://cfi.fyi/lessons/preflightprep/airworthinessrequirements) - review special flight permits - preventative maintenance - [ ] review [Bold Method: preventative maintenance](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/regulations/preventative-maintenance-what-you-can-fix-on-your-plane/) - review maintenance logs for preventative maintenance - remember to check both the KOEL and CEL when reviewing whether or not inoperative equipment is required - diversions - good note about pointing generally in the correct direction - great overall description - weather information - stability - clouds do not necessarily indicate unstable air - want to stick mainly to vertical motion in the atmosphere which would be caused by a high lapse rate - characteristics of unstable air masses - thunderstorms - vertical motion - unstable air - moisture - this DOESN'T have to be visual moisture - temperature and performance - engine performance will be worse because there will not be as many air molecules going into each cylinder - frost - good explanation - risks of thunderstorms - good explanations - personal weather minimums - --- # 12/21/2023 - unable to go to 02FA because of excess gusting winds, practiced maneuvers - soft field takeoff - use more forward elevator pressure to hold the airplane in ground effect, then immediately climb out once reaching 55 KIAS - soft field landings (x04) - good job managing wind shear - make sure to not pitch up during a loss of airspeed from wind shear - this could be dangerous and cause a stall - slow flight - good entrance - remember target airspeed in landing configuration is 50 kts - be more vigilant of your altitude deviations throughout the maneuver - steep turns - great job with altitude and heading - make sure to decrease power to about 2200 RPM and slow below Va before beginning maneuver - power on stall - great job - turning stall (power off) - work a little bit on coordination throughout the stall - great job with normal landing --- # 12/19/2023 - night cross country flight to KFIN - be very cautious with callouts at uncontrolled airports - specifically base / final / short final callouts - good job with navigation - try to already have the radials that you're going to use already loaded in so that you can locate an intersection easily - teardrop entry - remember to extend out away from the field to give you enough distance to enter a normal downwind - be a little bit more careful with altitude to make sure that you are 500 feet above pattern altitude --- # [[Previous Notes - Daniel]] --- andrehebra.github.io/student-notes/Students/Daniel/Notes.html