# Continuation of Oral with Austin Rigler on 06/11/2025 # **Recheck Required** - [ ] cross country flight planning - [ ] weather - [ ] thunderstorms - [ ] thunderstorm formation - [ ] thunderstorm avoidance - [ ] cold fronts - [ ] warm fronts - [ ] occluded fronts - [ ] stationary fronts - [ ] high / low pressure systems - [ ] weather to be expected in each - [ ] troughs - [ ] inflight weather advisories - [ ] SIGMET - [ ] Convective SIGMET - [ ] AIRMET - [ ] Center Weather Advisory - [ ] aviation surface forecast - [ ] aviation clouds forecast - [ ] all other items unsatisfactory / incomplete - I recommend discontinuing, doing retraining, and doing a full recheck for the progress check # Weather Briefings ## Surface Analysis Chart - [ ] **review [Pilot Institute: Fronts](https://pilotinstitute.com/weather-fronts-explained/)** - [ ] **review [[Surface Analysis Chart]]** - [ ] **review [Pilot Institute: Surface Analysis](https://pilotinstitute.com/surface-analysis-charts-explained/#:~:text=The%20wavy%20lines%20on%20this,measurement%20in%20the%20same%20color.)** - [ ] **review [AOPA: Why Troughs Mean Trouble](https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2005/march/pilot/wx-watch-trough-talk)** - [ ] **review [Bold Method: How Thunderstorms Form](https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/weather/how-thunderstorms-form-instability-lapse-rate/)** - ==**stated that stationary front was occluded front**== - ==**stated that cold front was high pressure system**== - stated would expect stable air and low visibility - asked what the blue Hs and the red Ls represent - ==**stated also high and low pressure systems and that the lines represent where the high / low pressure is moving**== - asked to identify trough - ==**stated did not remember what it was, asked if he could look it up**== - ==**was able to find that it was a trough, stated it was "a line of thunderstorms"**== - asked what weather would expect in cold front - stated thunderstorms, good visibility, stable air - ==**asked why a cold front could cause a thunderstorm and couldn't think of answer**== - asked what is required for a thunderstorm to form - stated need moist air and lifting force, **==did not mention unstable lapse rate or instability==** - ==**was not able to associate thunderstorms with different weather phenomenon in a way conducive to flying safely**== - ==**was not able to determine what isobar lines indicate**== ## Weather Advisories - [ ] **review [AIM 7-1-6: Inflight Weather Advisories](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap7_section_1.html#$paragraph7-1-6)** - [ ] this has all the information you need to know about SIGMETs / Convective SIGMETs / AIRMETs / CWAs - asked what a center weather advisory was, stated that was when they give you the convective SIGMET for the traffic in the area - ==**stated AIRMETs released the same as convective SIGMETs**== - ==**stated that AIRMET would only have severe turbulence**== - ==**stated that SIGMET could be moderate turbulence**== - ==**stated SIGMET released hour+55**== ## METAR > KORL 121953Z 15010G18KT 10SM SCT039 BKN046 BKN060 31/23 A3007 RMK AO2 LTG DSNT SW SLP183 T03110228 - [ ] save a [METAR decode key](https://www.weather.gov/media/wrh/mesowest/metar_decode_key.pdf) in your ForeFlight drive so that you can figure out what abbreviations mean - ==**could not figure out what AO2 indicates**==, looked in the aviation weather handbook for a while ## TAFs - ==**stated released every 4 hours**== - ==**stated forecast out for 12 hours**== - TAFs will generally forecast for 24 or 30 hours > KSFB 121738Z 1218/1318 11009KT P6SM VCTS SCT035CB > TEMPO 1218/1222 3SM TSRA BKN030CB > FM130000 13006KT P6SM SCT035 SCT150 > FM131500 14008KT P6SM FEW030 - ==**stated P6SM indicated "possible 6sm"**== - this means greater than 6sm visibility - was able to tell what TEMPO means - asked to convert 1500 Zulu to local time and stated correctly ## Aviation Clouds Forecast - ==**stated that ceiling means that is where the tops of the clouds stop**== ## Aviation Surface Forecast - ==**could not recall what thunderstorm symbol represented**== - asked to read the winds on the chart - got it correct, but remember we essentially always talk about winds in the direction they are coming from - ==**asked about rain symbol, did not remember what it was**== - ==I would recommend that you utilize the NOAA imagery legend in your foreflight drive, this lays out each of the symbols concisely which can be quite helpful== ## Thunderstorms - stated risks are visibility, low level wind shear, and turbulence - asked about the stages of a thunderstorm - stated updraft, mature stage, then downdraft - stated downdraft stage would be most dangerous - generally speaking the mature stage is the most dangers - asked about utilizing NEXRAD weather to avoid thunderstorms - stated could use it to see direction and adjust your path - ==**asked about risks of using it to avoid thunderstorms, stated you have to be close to it to pick it up**== - ==**stated that the radar on ForeFlight is projecting where the storm will be**== - this is actually the opposite, it is showing outdated information because the image has to be collected, compiled, and then transmitted and received by your device