# Unsatisfactory / Incomplete - all completed tasks unsatisfactory - partially complete: - [ ] systems - not completed: - [ ] Performance and Limitations - [ ] Human Factors - [ ] Night Operations # Pilot Qualifications ## Recency of Experience - stated that every 90 days need to do 3 full stop taxi backs for day and night time to carry passengers - remember that full stop landings are only required for flying at night - ==**asked to look at the regulation as to whether or not the landings had to be full stop, she looked for a few minutes, then stated she was unable to find it**== - [ ] review [FAR 61.57: Recent Flight Experience (PIC)](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-61.57) - stated there were no other requirements, asked prodding questions related to flight review (unable to recall ==**Biannual Flight Review**==) ## Medical Certificates - asked about duration of medical certificate validity, ==**stated first class valid for 24 months, then stated that second class would be valid for 12 months after that, then correct herself and stated that second class was 24 months after first class expired after looking at 61.23**== - I asked where she found that and stated that it was in 61.23 (I think that she was looking at second class > age 40 or older > 24th month expiration) ### BasicMed - stated it was mainly for people over 60 - took a few minutes to look up the requirements - hard time finding limitations ## Proficiency Vs Currency - not bad explanation ## Flying Unfamiliar Aircraft - asked about flying C150 - overall not bad explanation # Airworthiness Requirements - asked about how she would make sure that an airplane is airworthy that she was not familiar with: ## Required Inspections - ==**stated annual required every 24 calendar months**== - ==**stated VOR inspection required for us every 30 days and because we use our airplanes for hire**== - ==**stated VOR and Transponder are the only inspections which are required for hire**== - ==**stated that 100 hour inspection could not be replaced by an annual**== - ==**stated that 100 hour inspection done by IA and annual was done by "some maintenance"**== - the looked something up on iPad and stated she got it backwards ## Required Documents - ==**stated airworthiness certificate valid for 7 years**== - stated registration didn't expire - after asking further questions stated that she got it backwards ## Airworthiness Directives / SAIBs - AD - gave decent explanation, I was slightly confused by the wording - remember that compliance of these is legally required - SAIB - stated "they're the thing that it is being inspected on" - ==**I did not understand the explanation**== ## Special Flight Permit - decent explanation, but remember that you're not just "calling the FAA" you should get into contract with the nearest / responsible FSDO - [ ] you can see common reasons for contacting FSDO and contact information here: [FAA: FSDO offices/info](https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/field_offices/fsdo) ## Owner/Operator And PIC Responsibilities - ==**stated pilot responsible for maintaining aircraft -> then corrected herself**== ## Preventative Maintenance - asked about changing a tire - stated only owner of aircraft can do preventative maintenance - [ ] review [GLEIM: Preventative Maintenance](https://www.gleimaviation.com/2020/03/13/preventive-maintenance/) - logbook entry requirements: 1. A description of the work performed indicating how it was accomplished by referencing documents acceptable to the FAA, such as manufacturer’s manuals and FAA Advisory Circulars 2. The date the work was completed 3. The signature, certificate number, and kind of certificate held by the person approving the work. The signature constitutes an approval for return to service and can only be the holder of the pilot’s certificate who performed the work ## Equipment Requirements (Inop. Equipment / KOEL / MEL) - overall good job - ==**remember to still think about 91.205 requirements even if item is in KOEL**== - [ ] small thing, but there is a legal interpretation that states that the beacon light is required for the 172 because it is part of the anti-collision lighting system: [[Cessna 172 Beacon Light Part of Anti-Collision Light System.pdf|172 Beacon Light Legal Interpretation]] # Weather Information - ==**remember to update your weather briefing (the one you were looking at was 2 days old)**== ## AIRMET / SIGMET / Conv. SIGMETS / CWA - [ ] review all of [AIM 7-1-6](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap7_section_1.html#$paragraph7-1-6) - ==**had to lookup almost all items in this section**== - looked at Tango AIRMET - ==**stated that it could be turbulence coming from bigger jets**== - asked about severity level that would be included in an AIRMET, ==**stated that turbulence is high or low, then stated it could be severe**== (I think this was because ForeFlight displays AIRMET high and AIRMET low) - ==**asked again what severity of turbulence could be included in an AIRMET, stated turbulence from thunderstorms**== - ==**stated AIRMET valid for four hours**== - ==**stated AIRMETs released as needed**== - asked when an AIRMET Tango would be issued and ==**stated "an AIRMET would be released when there is an AIRMET in that area"**== - AIRMETs are released starting at 0245 zulu and are valid for 6 hours - Convective SIGMET - good explanation, but review what else could be included in 7-1-6, it's not just thunderstorms - SIGMETs - ==**stated icing could not be included because that was a Zulu AIRMET**== - I asked again and stated that it could be a SIGMET - ==**stated SIGMETs are valid for 6 hours or when needed**== - ==**stated SIGMETs are scheduled**== - remember when you are looking these things up take your time to read what you are looking up. When you told me they were scheduled I could see on your screen a sentence in the aviation weather handbook stating that they are unscheduled - CWA - ==**did not seem to know what these are -> review what this is**== - the purpose of these is to have an unscheduled product that can be released to supplement hazards to a flight without having to wait for another product to be issued (think of how sometimes there will be a CWA before a convective SIGMET is released (because convective sigmets are scheduled)) ## Atmospheric Stability - ==**I asked what atmospheric stability was, went to look it up in the aviation weather handbook**== - [ ] review [NOAA: Atmospheric Stability](https://www.weather.gov/media/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/clouds/stability_clouds/stability_clouds.pdf) - stated that it was the temperature change, I asked what temperature changes would lead to expectations of stability or instability - ==**stated that it would be stable if the temperature decreased by 2 degrees per thousand feet, and that it would be unstable if the temperature increased as you go up in altitude (this would be stable atmospheric conditions)**== - [ ] make sure to review Atmospheric stability in the aviation weather handbook - this topic is quite important as it can lead to unfavorable and unsafe conditions ## Surface Analysis Chart - ==**was not able convert from Zulu time to local time**== - ==**I asked what the current zulu time is and stated 1402z, it was 2:02PM local time**== - asked about a trough that was depicted - ==**stated would expect better weather because the trough would push out air**== ### Fronts - [ ] review associated weather with fronts as well as why they would cause said weather. It is very important to have a thorough understanding of fronts as they can dramatically change the weather, without this understanding you cannot fly safely #### Cold Front - ==**was able to state some of the conditions associated with a cold front, but not able to articulate why the front would cause any of those**== #### Warm Front - asked what conditions would be associated with warm front, stated clouds and rain ### High / Low Pressure Areas - ==**stated high pressure brings air inwards and upwards**== - stated high pressure clockwise - ==**stated low pressure down and outward and pushes away bad weather**== - stated low pressure moves counter clockwise ## Icing - asked about hazards of Icing, stated if it hits the aircraft we might not produce enough lift - asked if it affected any other forces of flight - stated icing would reduce thrust because "you have that icing stopping the airflow" - stated would not have effect on "gravity" - stated not sure about drag - stated could get icing at higher altitudes or in clouds, I asked what altitudes - looked it up in the aviation weather handbook for a few minutes, then stated could not find the altitude - I asked if she were planning a flight when would she be worried about icing, and stated if it was "colder or higher" - ==**asked what altitude and stated 18,000 feet**== - ==**stated below standard temperature**== ## Frost - stated that it "would be harder on the airframe" ## METARs - [ ] make sure to save a [METAR Decode Key](https://www.weather.gov/media/wrh/mesowest/metar_decode_key.pdf) - KORL 311947Z 24018G24KT 1 1/2SM R07/2800VP6000FT +TSRA FEW039 SCT055 BKN110 29/26 A2990 RMK AO2 LTG DSNT ALQDS RAB43 TSB23 P0012 - overall good job with most symbols, don't be afraid to look unknown symbols up! Especially the uncommon ones. It's a good idea to have the decode key saved in foreflight when you need it ### SPECI METAR - [ ] review [AIM 7-1-2: SPECI Issuance](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap7_section_1.html#$paragraph7-1-2) - ==**stated it was a "specific"**== - ==**said "it was giving specific things going on"**== - ==**was not able to give any other information**== ## PIREPs - good job ## TAF - good job # Cross-Country Flight Planning ## Route Planning - individual checkpoints are reasonably easy to identify - ==**try to not use legs that are more than about 20 miles from one another (one leg distance was 35 miles)**== - ==**always plan an alternate (this is legally required)**== - [FAR 91.103: Preflight Action](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-91/section-91.103#p-91.103(a)) - ==**stated did not have alternate but had one on flight plan form**== ## Calculations - stated done on separate sheet - walked me through and good job doing the math for fuel burn - ==**stated always uses 2450 RPM for calculations**== - asked about what % MCP means - ==**stated it was maximum cruise power**== - ==**we want to generally use about 65% MCP because there are altitudes and atmospheric conditions where 2450 RPM would not be appropriate**== - asked further questions, and ==**stated that we should use 2450 instead of 65% MCP for calculations**== ## VFR Flight Plans - asked if would file a flight plan for the flight, stated that would - I asked what the benefits of filing a flight plan are - ==**stated that "they would help you avoid traffic"**== - ==**remember that this is not offered by a flight plan but flight following**== - corrected herself when I asked what flight following is - asked if there was a disadvantage to getting flight following and not filing a flight plan - ==**stated that they would not know which direction you are going so they could not direct you without a flight plan**== - ==**keep in mind that you are supposed to still navigate yourself when you have flight following**== - remember that the disadvantage of flight following is that it is workload dependent from ATC, you are never guaranteed flight following but you can always file a flight plan, you should try to do both - Remember that flight following is not meant for ATC to navigate you along your route, it is to provide you with advisories ## Intercept Procedures - [ ] review [FAA: Intercept Procedures](https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-01/Intercept-Procedures.pdf) - you should tune your radio to 121.5 to listen for instructions # National Airspace System - ==**stated that echo to surface dashed line indicated that class E starts at 1,200 feet**== - asked about VFR weather mins in class C - good job - asked about requirements to enter class C - ==**stated that a clearance was required**== - asked about where ADSB is required - ==**remember that it is only 12nm from the coast in the Gulf of Mexico (or Gulf of America...) not anywhere off the coast line**== - ==**stated that Victor airway was class A airspace**== - corrected and stated that it was Echo airspace - asked how wide Victor airways were - looked it up and was able to find the answer - review why an airport would be contained in a circle and some would be drawn out - ==**it has to do with the length of the longest runway at that airport**== ## Special Use Airspace - overall good job ## Special VFR Requirements - [ ] review [FAR 91.157: Special VFR](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-91/subpart-B/subject-group-ECFR4d5279ba676bedc/section-91.157) - stated visibility would have to be at least 3 sm - asked her where she found that and stated that she would look it up and found correct answer - asked what conditions would exist for her to use special VFR - ==**stated if it were a cloudy morning, I asked if she meant widespread low clouds and stated yes**== - remember that the purpose of special VFR is to depart an airport where conditions may be marginal but rapidly improving and / or clear weather conditions exist just outside of the airport in the direction you intend to travel # Operation of Systems ## Powerplant - [ ] review [[Library/Systems/Powerplant|Powerplant]] - ==**stated "360" from IO-360-L2A meant that "it goes all the way around"**== - asked about the 4 stroke cycle - ==**explanation was alright excluding ignition**== - ==**stated that the "fuel line inside" provides ignition**== - we eventually got to the spark plugs but when asked what ignites the fuel / air mixture it is simply the spark plug ### Pre-Ignition - stated oil temperature would read higher - ==**stated manifold temperature would read higher**== - I asked how she would tell if the manifold temperature is high and stated that she would check the manifold temperature gauge - I told her that there is no manifold temperature gauge on the 172S and she said that it is in 91.205 so we have to have one - remember that the regulation states: [Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine.](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-91/subpart-C#p-91.205(b)(8)), and we do not have an altitude engine ## Ignition - [ ] review [[Ignition System]] - [ ] review [[Ignition System#Impulse Coupling|Impulse Coupling]] - ==**stated that the impulse coupling will remain running after the engine is started but it will not tighten as quickly because the engine is running**== - asked how the magneto would know that the engine is running - stated that "the impulse coupling never turns off" - ==**then stated that when the engine is running the impulse coupling doesn't generate electricity anymore, so I asked what generates the electricity, and she stated the alternator**==, I asked "so the alternator is powering the spark plugs?" and she said no, ==**then said the magnetos are connected to the electrical system**== - ==**I asked which electrical bus they were connected to if they are connected to the electrical system, looked it up, stated they're not connected to a bus but are part of the electrical system, then stated they are separate from the electrical system**== - ==**I asked again how the magnetos power the spark plugs and she said it was when the impulse coupling fires, I asked if the impulse coupling was running when the engine was running and she said no, so I asked what would power the spark plugs, looked it up for a minute or two and stated that the impulse coupling was running while the engine is running to power it**== ## Starter - asked how the starter works - not bad explanation ## Oil - good explanation of the system - asked what she would do if was on the south shore of lake apopka and had sudden loss of oil pressure and noticed increasing oil temperature - good response # Performance and Limitations # Human Factors # Night Operations